The court discusses the determination and relevance of the place where the award was made (in a foreign State or another contracting State.

The court discusses the form in which the arbitration agreement is expressed: short form arbitration clause, reference to rules of institution, etc.

Related court proceedings: The court discusses measures in aid of arbitration (e.g., anti-suit injunction). This topic also includes the issue of the relationship between the Convention and the recognition of a foreign judgment on the validity of the arbitration agreement.

The court discusses the conditions under which a party may be estopped from raising a ground for refusal of enforcement under the Convention or has waived the right to raise it.

The court discusses the overall scheme and/or pro-enforcement bias of the Convention.

Invalidity of the arbitration agreement: The court discusses other cases of invalidity of the arbitration agreement, including that there was no agreement at all or that the party was not a signatory thereto, that the incorrect arbitral institution was chosen, etc.