The court discusses the determination and relevance of the place where the award was made (in a foreign State or another contracting State.

The court discusses issues relating to the identity of the party against whom enforcement of the arbitral award is sought, including: piercing of the corporate veil, succession, assignment, State or State entity, group of companies, agent or principal, etc. For the related defenses to enforcement, see Art. V(1)(a).

The court discusses the admissibility of a set off or counterclaim in enforcement proceedings under the Convention.

Due process: The court discusses various irregularities affecting due process, including letters not sent, names of arbitrators or experts not communicated, language of proceedings and communications, etc.

Public policy: The court discusses the consequences of the apparent or actual bias of an arbitrator on the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award.

More-favorable right provision: The court discusses examples of domestic laws of countries where enforcement of foreign awards is more favorable.