The court discusses the determination and relevance of the place where the award was made (in a foreign State or another contracting State.

The court discusses the impact of the nationality of the parties on the application of the Convention. 

The court discusses the first alternative requirement of Art. II(2) that the arbitral award is “signed by the parties”.

The court discusses the general conditions the Convention imposes on a petitioner for seeking recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award – namely, the submission of the original arbitration agreement or arbitral award or a certified copy thereof – and examines in general whether these conditions were complied in the case at issue.

The court discusses the burden of proof of the grounds for refusing enforcement under the Convention.

Public policy: The court discusses the meaning of (international as compared to domestic) public policy, generally defined as the basic notions of morality and justice of the enforcement State.

Public policy: The court discusses cases in which the subject matter of the award was not arbitrable in the enforcement State on public policy grounds.

Public policy: The court discusses the consequences of the apparent or actual bias of an arbitrator on the recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award.

Public policy: The court discusses the consequences of the lack of reasons in the award on its recognition and enforcement.

More-favorable right provision: The court discusses the application of the 1961 European Convention together with the New York Convention, and the relationship between the two treaties.